代词的泛指和特指
one, ones, it, that, those
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one用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an+单数名词；ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词，也是泛指概念；it用来替代前面出现的事物，是同名同物的替代；that用来替代前面出现的名词，可以是可数名词单数，也可以是不可数名词，相当于the+（单数/不可数）名词；those用来替代复数名词，是特指概念，相当于the+名词复数，但多用于两者间的另外一方（一批）。
〔误〕A bridge made of stone is stronger than that made of wood.
〔正〕 A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood.
〔析〕 one 替代的是前面的a bridge, 这里表示一类事物，并不特指其中的一个。
〔误〕The weather in Hangzhou is hotter than in Beijing in summer.
〔正〕 The weather in Hangzhou is hotter than that in Beijing in summer.
〔析〕比较的对象是"天气"。
〔误〕My pen is lost, I”ll buy it.
〔正〕My pen is lost, I”ll buy one.
〔析〕it只能代替前面出现的事物，是特指，在此不合句意，因为你不可能买到你已丢失的那支钢笔。one是泛指概念，在此符合句意。
none, no one,nothing
none既可指人，也可指物，且一定是特指概念，常用来回答how many/much；no one只能指人，且只能是泛指概念,常用来回答who引导的疑问句；nothing"什么也没有"，否定一切，常用来回答what引导的疑问句。
〔误〕There were 20 people around but no one helped the old man.
〔正〕 There were 20 people around but none helped the old man.
〔析〕此处应是特指在场的人，none后面省略了of短语。
〔误〕—What is in the box?—None.
〔正〕—What is in the box?—Nothing.
〔析〕nothing否定一切，回答what的提问。
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